REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING

WAEC SYLLABUS ON REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

The examinations shall consist of three papers, all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 shall be composite and will be taken at one sitting.

Paper 1:

This will consist of forty compulsory multiple choice questions. Candidates will be allowed 1 hour for the paper. It will carry 40 marks.

Paper 2:

There shall be five essay questions out of which candidates will be expected to answer any four in 1 hour 30 minutes for 60 marks.

PAPER 3:

There shall be two practical questions for candidate to answer one of them within 2 hours for 100 marks.

A list of materials (cutting list) shall be made available to the schools not less than two weeks before the paper is taken for their procurement and preparation for the examination. Candidate shall carry out the task in the presence of an examiner.

Alternatively, the Council may consider using the alternative to practical work testing method in the event of constraints on requisite facilities. In this case, two compulsory questions shall be made available for candidates to answer within 2 hours for 100 marks. The paper shall test candidates’ real life experience in the workshop, abilities to identify and use requisite tools, use of measuring instruments and trouble shooting, etc. Free hand sketches of hand tools, circuits and wiring diagrams of refrigeration and airconditioning systems may also be required.

DETAILED SYLLABUS
TOPICS
CONTENTS
PRACTICAL

1. Safety and first aid in the workshop.

1.1. Workshop rules and regulations

1.2. Safety devices/equipment – helmet, goggles, safety boots, hand gloves, overall, apron sand bag, fire extinguishers, etc.

1.3. Accident: causes and prevention techniques.

1.4. First Aid – materials for First Aid, charts, posters and first aid box, etc.

1.5. Application of first aid materials.

1.2.1 Identification and operation of various types of fire extinguishers

2. Energy, matter and power.
(a) Energy

2.1. Definition of energy

2.2. The process of energy conversion electrical to mechanical, gas to vapour, mechanical to heat.

2.3. Meaning of internal energy.

2.4. Enthalpy of a fluid substance, its pressure, volume and temperature of internal energy.

2.5. The ph diagram of refrigerant.

2.2.1. Demonstration of conversion of mechanical to heat energy e.g. rubbing of palms.

(b) Nature of matter.

2.6. State of matter – solid, liquid, gas or vapour.

2.7. Change of state of matter.

 2.6.1. Demonstrate the conversion of ice block to water.

(c) power.

2.8. The meaning of power.

2.9. Calculation of power used by a compressor.

2.10. Unit of power: watts and kilowatts unit of heat: joules and kilojoules.

3. Temperature and pressure.

(a) Temperature and its measurement

3.1. Concept of temperature.

3.2. Different types of thermometer e.g. gas, resistance, liquid and thermocouple.

3.3. Temperature scale conversion
- centigrade to Fahrenheit
- Celsius to Kelvin
- Fahrenheit to rankine

3.4. International practical temperature
- The boiling point of oxygen 182.97 º C
- The triple point of water 0.01 º C
- The boiling point of water 100 º C

(b) Pressure and its measurement

3.5. Concept of pressure 3.6. Different types of pressure measuring devices e.g. barometer, manometer, bourdon tube gauge.

3.6.1. Demonstration of the use of a barometer.

3.7. Pressure measurement

3.8. Uses of suction and high pressure gauges.

3.9. Effects of temperature, pressure and volume in refrigeration and air conditioning systems.

3.10. Gas law, Boyles law, Charles law and Dalton’s law.

3.11. Calculations involving general gas law. Formulae:-

P 1V 1 = P 2V 2

P1/T1 = P2/T2

V1/T1 = V2/T2

P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

3.12 Plotting various temperature scales

3.8.1. Demonstrate how suction and high pressure gauges are used to determine the performance of a refrigerant.

4. Refrigeration and air conditioning systems.

(a) Introduction to refrigeration.

4.1. Refrigeration cycle – Evaporation, compression, condensation and expansion.

4.2. Layout diagram of refrigeration systems.

4.3. Types and applications of the various forms of refrigeration.

4.4. Principles of operation of forms of refrigeration system.

4.5. Functions of the component and accessories e.g. relay, solenoid valves, capacitors and thermostat.

(b) Refrigerants

4.6. Definition and types of refrigerants

4.7. Chemical names and formulae.

4.8. Properties and uses of refrigerants.

4.9. Refrigerants flow controls e.g. TEV, AEV, capillary tube.

4.10. Operations of refrigerant flow controls.

4.6.1. Identification of refrigerant by cylinder colours.

(c) Air-Conditioning processes

4.11. Psychometric properties of air.

4.11.1. Demonstration of air conditioning principle by sling psychometer.

4.12. The processes of air conditioning: heating and cooling.

4.13. Latent and sensible heat, saturated and super-saturated vapour.

 4.13.1 Demonstration of the difference between latent and sensible heat by use of methylated spirit on human skin.

5. Compressors, Condenses and Evaporators

(a) Compressors

5.1. Types of compressors

5.2 Construction of compressors.

5.3. Working principles of compressors.

(b) Condensers.

5.4. Construction of condensers.

5.5. Calculation of heat load on condensers.

5.6. Types and functions of liquid receiver and service valves.

5.7. Principle of operation of liquid receiver and service valves.

5.8. Types of evaporators.

5.4.1. Demonstrate how to service a condenser.

5.9. Construction and services of evaporators.

5.10. Working principles of evaporators.

5.11. Heat load estimates on evaporators.

5.9.1. Demonstrate how to service evaporators

6. Workshop practices.

(a) Basic tools used in refrigeration and air-conditioning workshops

6.1. Basic tools – hacksaw, coil spring benders, reamers, tube cutters, etc.

6.2. Tools and procedures for servicing window unit airconditioner.

6.2.1. Servicing of a window airconditioner.

(b) Fault diagnosis and trouble shooting.

6.3. Different methods of diagnosing faults systematic and observation.

6.4. Common faults in refrigeration systems and their symptoms – leakage, faulty units, faulty compressor, poor cooling and current leakage.

6.5. Techniques of effective repairs in refrigeration and airconditioning systems.

6.6. Techniques of trouble shooting in a given system.

(c) Maintenance and Testing

6.7. Testing for leakages, polarity, insulation continuity, pressure and efficiency.

6.7.1. Demonstrate how to test for leakages, polarity continuity and efficiency.

6.8. Maintenance of compressors, evaporators, motors, condensers, valves, accumulators and contactors.

6.8.1. Demonstrate how to repair faults in compressors, evaporators, motor condensers.

7. Installation processes

(a) Piping, Ducting and Trunking

7.1. Concept of piping, ducting and trunking.

7.2. Piping a condenser and an evaporator.

7.3. Ducting, trunking and installation of air-conditioners.

7.3.1. Installation of a split airconditioner.

7.4. Piping, ducting and trunking tools – mallet hammer, flaring tools, silver tape, dot-punch, bending spring, amaflex, hacksaw, PVC pipes.

(b) Motors and generators

7.5. Types, functions, operations and application of motors and generators.

7.6. Installation procedures for motors and generators.

7.7. Maintenance of motors and generators in a refrigeration system.

7.7.1 Servicing of motors and generators.

(c) Cold room

7.8. Working principles of cold room.

7.9. Cold room installation procedures.

7.10. Factors affecting cold room operations.

8. Insulation processes Insulation of refrigeration and airconditioning system.

8.1. Importance of insulation of refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.

8.2. Types of insulating materials – glasswool, fibre glass, polysterene foam, wood, bitumen, ceramic, etc.

8.3. Functions and properties of insulation materials.

8.4. Procedure for insulating refrigeration and airconditioning systems.

9. Entrepreneurship.

(a) Business concept.

9.1. Concept of business enterprise and types of businesses – sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability, etc.

9.2. Sources of finance – loan, mortgage, shares, overdrafts, savings, etc.

(b) Marketing

9.3. Types, functions of marketing styles.

9.4. Meaningful marketing at the least cost.

9.5. Marketing protocol and cost.

9.4.1. Carry out a commercial marketing survey to set up refrigeration and air-conditioning

(c) Accounting

9.6. Principles of Accounting.

9.7. The concept of business as a separate entity.

9.8. Ledger, trial balance and balance sheet.

9.8.1. Preparation of ledger and balance sheet.

LIST OF FACILITIES AND MAJOR EQUIPMENT/MATERIALS REQUIRED:

1. Complete tool box (RAC) (Number required) - 3
2. Set of oxy-acetylene brazing equipment (Number required) - 2
3. Power pillar drilling machine (Number required) - 1
4. Power grinding machine (Number required) - 1
5. Portable hand drilling machine (Number required) - 2
6. Portable table grinding machine (Number required) - 2
7. Vacuum pump (Number required) - 1
8. Recovery and recycling machine (Number required) - 1
9. Spotter recovery pump (Number required) - 2
10. Table vice (Number required) - 4
11. Workbench (Number required) - 2
12. Hand blower (Number required) - 1
13. D. O. T. recovery cylinders big size (Number required) - 1
14. D. O. T. recovery cylinders (medium) (Number required) - 1
15. Manifold gauge (Number required) - 2
16. Reamers (Number required) - 4
17. Pipe benders (various sizes) spring and mechanical (Number required) - 1
18. Ratchet wrenches (Number required) - 2
19. Hacksaw (Number required) - 4
20. Pliers (different types) (Number required) - 1 each
21. Set of screwdrivers (Number required) - 4
22. Mallet hammers (Number required) - 2
23. Ball-pein hammer (Number required) - 2
24. Electronic leak detectors (Number required) - 1
25. Electronic charging scale (Number required) - 2
26. Trolleys (Number required) - 1
27. Halogen touch light (Number required) - 1
28. Alcometer (Number required) - 1
29. Various types of refrigerant (R134A, 600A and 717)

SUGGESTED READING LIST

1. Ananthranrayazan P. N. (2005) Basic refrigeration and air conditioning 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
2. Whitman, W. C. Johnson, W. M. (1995) Refrigeration’s Air-conditioning Technology 3rd Edition, Delmar Publisher, Albany, N. Y.
3. Rajput R. K. (2006) Refrigerant and air-conditioning 1st Edition, S. K. Kataria and Sons, Naizarak, Delhi.
4. Roy J. Dossat. Principles of Refrigeration 4th Edition, Spectrum Publishers.


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