GENERAL MATHEMATICS/MATHEMATICS (CORE)

WAEC SYLLABUS ON GENERAL MATHEMATICS/MATHEMATICS (CORE)

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aims of the syllabus are to test candidates:
(1) mathematical competency and computational skills;
(2) understanding of mathematical concepts and their relationship to the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills for everyday living in the global world;
(3) ability to translate problems into mathematical language and solve them using appropriate methods;
(4) ability to be accurate to a degree relevant to the problem at hand;
(5) logical, abstract and precise thinking. This syllabus is not intended to be used as a teaching syllabus. Teachers are advised to use their own National teaching syllabuses or curricular for that purpose.

EXAMINATION SCHEME

There will be two papers, Papers 1 and 2, both of which must be taken.

PAPER 1:

will consist of fifty multiple-choice objective questions, drawn from the common areas of the syllabus, to be answered in 1½ hours for 50 marks.

PAPER 2:

will consist of thirteen essay questions in two sections – Sections A and B, to be answered in 2½ hours for 100 marks. Candidates will be required to answer ten questions in all.

Section A:

Will consist of five compulsory questions, elementary in nature carrying a total of 40 marks. The questions will be drawn from the common areas of the syllabus.

Section B:

will consist of eight questions of greater length and difficulty.
The questions shall include a maximum of two which shall be drawn from parts of the syllabuses which may not be peculiar to candidates’ home countries.
Candidates will be expected to answer five questions for 60marks.

DETAILED SYLLABUS

The topics, contents and notes are intended to indicate the scope of the questions which will be set. The notes are not to be considered as an exhaustive list of illustrations/limitations.

TOPIC	SUB-TOPICS	CONTENTS	NOTES
A. NUMBER AND NUMERATION	(a) Number bases	(i) conversion of numbers from one base to another	Conversion from one base to base 10 and vice versa. Conversion from one base to another base
	(a) Number bases	(ii) Basic operations on number bases	Addition, subtraction and multiplication of number bases.

	(b) Modular Arithmetic	(i) Concept of Modulo Arithmetic. (ii) Addition, subtraction and multiplication operations in modulo arithmetic.	Interpretation of modulo arithmetic e.g. 6 + 4 = k(mod7), 3 x 5 = b(mod6), m = 2(mod 3), etc.
	(b) Modular Arithmetic	(iii) Application to daily life	Relate to market days, clock,shift duty, etc.
	(c) Fractions, Decimals and Approximations	(i) Basic operations on fractions and decimals. (ii) Approximations and significant figures.	Approximations should be realistic e.g. a road is not measured correct to the nearest cm.

	(d) Indices	(i) Laws of indices	e.g. a^x x a^y = a^{x + y}, a^x ÷ ^ay = a^{x – y}, (a^x)^y = a^xy, etc where x , y are real numbers and a ≠ 0. Include simple examples of negative and fractional indices.
	(d) Indices	(ii) Numbers in standard form (scientific notation)	Expression of large and small numbers in standard form e.g. 375300000 = 3.753 x 10⁸ 0.00000035 = 3.5 x 10^-7 Use of tables of squares, square roots and reciprocals is accepted.
	(e) Logarithms	(i) Relationship between indices and logarithms e.g. y = 10^k implies log₁₀y = k . (ii) Basic rules of logarithms e.g. log₁₀(pq) = log₁₀p + log₁₀q log₁₀(p/q) = log₁₀p – log₁₀q log₁₀pn = nlog₁₀p. (iii) Use of tables of logarithms and antilogarithms.	Calculations involving multiplication, division, powers and roots.

	(f) Sequence and Series	(i) Patterns of sequences.	Determine any term of a given sequence. The notation U_n = the nth termof a sequence may be used.
	(f) Sequence and Series	(ii) Arithmetic progression (A.P.) Geometric Progression (G.P.)	Simple cases only, including word problems. (Include sum for A.P. and exclude sum for G.P).

	(g) Sets	(i) Idea of sets, universal sets, finite and infinite sets, subsets, empty sets and disjoint sets.	Notations: ∈, ⊂, ꓴ, ꓵ, { }, ∅, P’ (the compliment of P).
		Idea of and notation for union, intersection and complement of sets.	properties e.g. commutative, associative and distributive
		(ii) Solution of practical problems involving classification using Venn diagrams.	Use of Venn diagrams restricted to at most 3 sets.
	(h) Logical Reasoning	Simple statements. True and false statements. Negation of statements, implications.	Use of symbols: ⇒, ⇐, use of Venn diagrams.
	(i) Positive and negative integers, rational numbers	The four basic operations on rational numbers.	Match rational numbers with points on the number line. Notation: Natural numbers (N), Integers (Z), Rational numbers (Q).
	(j) Surds (Radicals)	Simplification and rationalization of simple surds.	Surds of the form a/√b, a√𝑏 and a ± √𝑏 where a is a rational number and b is a positive integer. Basic operations on surds (exclude surd of the form a/(b + c√a)).

	(k) Matrices and Determinants	(i) Identification of order, notation and types of matrices.	Not more than 3 x 3 matrices. Idea of columns and rows.
		(ii) Addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication and multiplication of matrices.	Restrict to 2 x 2 matrices.
		(iii) Determinant of a matrix	Application to solving simultaneous linear equations in two variables. Restrict to 2 x 2 matrices.

	(l) Ratio, Proportions and Rates	Ratio between two similar quantities. Proportion between two or more similar quantities.	Relate to real life situations.
	(l) Ratio, Proportions and Rates	Financial partnerships, rates of work, costs, taxes, foreign exchange, density (e.g. population), mass, distance, time and speed.	Include average rates, taxes e.g. VAT, Withholding tax, etc
	(m) Percentages	Simple interest, commission, discount, depreciation, profit and loss, compound interest, hire purchase and percentage error.	Limit compound interest to a maximum of 3 years.

	(n) Financial Arithmetic	(i) Depreciation/ Amortization.	Definition/meaning, calculation of depreciation on fixed assets, computation of amortization on capitalized assets.
		(ii) Annuities	Definition/meaning, solve simple problems on annuities.
		(iii) Capital Market Instruments	Shares/stocks, debentures, bonds, simple problems on interest on bonds and debentures.
	(o) Variation	Direct, inverse, partial and joint variations.	Expression of various types of variation in mathematical symbols e.g. direct (z α n), inverse (z α 1/n ), etc. Application to simple practical problems.

B. ALGEBRAIC PROCESSES	(a) Algebraic expressions	(i) Formulating algebraic expressions from given situations	e.g. find an expression for the cost C Naira of 4 pens at x Naira each and 3 oranges at y naira each. Solution: C = 4x + 3y
	(a) Algebraic expressions	(ii) Evaluation of algebraic expressions	e.g. If x =60 and y = 20, find C. C = 4(60) + 3(20) = 300 naira.

	(b) Simple operations on algebraic expressions	(i) Expansion	e.g. (a +b )(c + d ), (a + 3)(c - 4), etc.
		(ii) Factorization	factorization of expressions of the form ax + ay, a(b + c) + d (b + c), a² – b², ax 2 + bx + c where a , b , c are integers.
		(iii) Binary Operations	Application of difference of two squares e.g. 49² – 47² = (49 + 47)(49 – 47) = 96 x 2 = 192. Carry out binary operations on real numbers such as: a*b = 2a + b – ab , etc.

	(c) Solution of Linear Equations	(i) Linear equations in one variable	Solving/finding the truth set (solution set) for linear equations in one variable.
	(c) Solution of Linear Equations	(ii) Simultaneous linear equations in two variables.	Solving/finding the truth set of simultaneous equations in two variables by elimination, substitution and graphical methods. Word problems involving one or two variables
	(d) Change of Subject of a Formula/Relation	(i) Change of subject of a formula/relation	e.g. if 1/f = 1/u + 1/v, find v.
	(d) Change of Subject of a Formula/Relation	(ii) Substitution.	Finding the value of a variable e.g. evaluating v given the values of u and f

	(e) Quadratic Equations	(i) Solution of quadratic equations	Using factorization i.e. ab = 0 ⇒ either a = 0 or b = 0.
		(ii) Forming quadratic equation with given roots.	Simple rational roots only e.g. forming a quadratic equation whose roots are -3 and 5/2 ⇒ (x + 3)(x - 5/2) = 0.
		(iii) Application of solution of quadratic equation in practical problems.
	(f) Graphs of Linear and Quadratic functions.	(i) Interpretation of graphs, coordinate of points, table of values, drawing quadratic graphs and obtaining roots from graphs.	Finding: (i) the coordinates of maximum and minimum points on the graph. (ii) intercepts on the axes, identifying axis of symmetry, recognizing sketched graphs.
		(ii) Graphical solution of a pair of equations of the form: y = ax² + bx + c and y = mx + k	Use of quadratic graphs to solve related equations e.g. graph of y = x² + 5x + 6 to solve x² + 5x + 4 = 0.
		(iii) Drawing tangents to curves to determine the gradient at a given point.	Determining the gradient by drawing relevant triangle.

	(g) Linear Inequalities	(i) Solution of linear inequalities in one variable and representation on the number line.	Truth set is also required. Simple practical problems
		(ii) Graphical solution of linear inequalities in two variables.	Maximum and minimum values. Application to real life situations e.g. minimum cost, maximum profit, linear programming, etc.
		(iii) Graphical solution of simultaneous linear inequalities in two variables.
	(h) Algebraic Fractions	Operations on algebraic fractions with: (i) Monomial denominators	Simple cases only e.g. 1/x + 1/y = (x + y)/xy ( x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0).
	(h) Algebraic Fractions	(ii) Binomial denominators	Simple cases only e.g. 1/(x - a) + 1/(x-b) = (2x - a - b)/(x - a)(x - b) where a andb are constants and x 􀵍a or b . Values for which a fraction is undefined e.g. 1/(x + 3) is not defined for x = -3.
	(i) Functions and Relations	Types of Functions	One-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, many-tomany. Functions as a mapping, determination of the rule of a given mapping/function.

C. MENSURATION	(a) Lengths and Perimeters	(i) Use of Pythagoras theorem, sine and cosine rules to determine lengths and distances. (ii) Lengths of arcs of circles, perimeters of sectors and segments.	No formal proofs of the theorem and rules are required.
	(a) Lengths and Perimeters	(iii) Longitudes and Latitudes.	Distances along latitudes and Longitudes and their corresponding angles.
	(b) Areas	(i) Triangles and special quadrilaterals – rectangles, parallelograms and trapeziums	Areas of similar figures. Include area of triangle = ½ base x height and ½absinC.
		(ii) Circles, sectors and segments of circles.	Areas of compound shapes.
		(iii) Surface areas of cubes, cuboids, cylinder, pyramids, righttriangular prisms, cones andspheres.	Relationship between the sector of a circle and the surface area of a cone.
	(c) Volumes	(i) Volumes of cubes, cuboids, cylinders, cones, right pyramids and spheres.	Include volumes of compound shapes.
	(c) Volumes	( ii ) Volumes of similar solids	Include volumes of compound shapes.

D. PLANE GEOMETRY	(a) Angles	(i) Angles at a point add up to 360 ^o. (ii) Adjacent angles on a straight line are supplementary. (iii) Vertically opposite angles are equal.	The degree as a unit of measure. Consider acute, obtuse, reflex angles, etc.
	(b) Angles and intercepts on parallel lines.	(i) Alternate angles are equal. ( ii )Corresponding angles are equal. ( iii )Interior opposite angles are supplementary (iv) Intercept theorem.	Application to proportional division of a line segment.

	(c) Triangles and Polygons.	(i) The sum of the angles of a triangle is 2 right angles. (ii) The exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the two interior opposite angles.	The formal proofs of those underlined may be required.
		(iii) Congruent triangles.	Conditions to be known but proofs not required e.g. SSS, SAS, etc.
		(iv) Properties of special triangles - Isosceles, equilateral, right-angled, etc	Use symmetry where applicable.
		(v) Properties of special quadrilaterals – parallelogram, rhombus, square, rectangle, trapezium.	Use symmetry where applicable.
		(vi)Properties of similar triangles.	Equiangular properties and ratio of sides and areas.
		(vii) The sum of the angles of a polygon	Sum of interior angles = (n - 2)180^o or (2n – 4)right angles, where n is the number of sides
		(viii) Property of exterior angles of a polygon.
		(ix) Parallelograms on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in area.

	(d) Circles	(i) Chords.	Angles subtended by chords in a circle and at the centre. Perpendicular bisectors of chords.
		(ii) The angle which an arc of a circle subtends at the centre of the circle is twice that which it subtends at any point on the remaining part of the circumference.	the formal proofs of those underlined may be required.
		(iii) Any angle subtended at the circumference by a diameter is a right angle.
		(iv) Angles in the same segment are equal.
		(v) Angles in opposite segments are supplementary.
		(vi) Perpendicularity of tangent and radius.
		(vii)If a tangent is drawn to a circle and from the point of contact a chord is drawn, each angle which this chord makes with the tangent is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.
	(e) Construction	(i) Bisectors of angles and line segments (ii) Line parallel or perpendicular to a given line. (iii)Angles e.g. 90^o, 60^o, 45^o, 30^o, and an angle equal to a given angle. (iv) Triangles and quadrilaterals from sufficient data.	Include combination of these angles e.g. 75^o, 105^o, 135^o, etc.
	(f) Loci	Knowledge of the loci listed below and their intersections in 2 dimensions. (i) Points at a given distance from a given point. (ii) Points equidistant from two given points. (iii)Points equidistant from two given straight lines. (iv)Points at a given distance from a given straight line.	Consider parallel and intersecting lines. Application to real life situations.

E. COORDINATE GEOMETRY OF STRAIGHT LINES	Connrdinate Geometry of Straight Lines	(i) Concept of the x-y plane. (ii) Coordinates of points on the x-y plane.	Midpoint of two points, distance between two points i.e. \|PQ\| = √[(𝑥₂ - 𝑥₁)² + (𝑦₂ - y₁)²], where P(x1,y1) and Q(x2, y2), gradient (slope) of a line m= (y₂ - y₁)/(x₂ - x₁), equation of a line in the form y = mx + c and y – y₁ = m(x – x₁), where m is the gradient (slope) and c is a constant.

F. TRIGONOMETRY	(a) Sine, Cosine and Tangent of an angle.	(i) Sine, Cosine and Tangent of acute angles. (ii) Use of tables of trigonometric ratios.	Use of right angled triangles
		(iii) Trigonometric ratios of 30^o, 45^o and 60^o.	Without the use of tables.
		(iv) Sine, cosine and tangent of angles from 0^o to 360^o.	Relate to the unit circle.
		(v)Graphs of sine and cosine.	0^o≤ x ≤ 360^o. e.g.y = a sinx , y = b cosx
		(vi) Graphs of trigonometric ratios.	Graphs of simultaneous linear and trigonometric equations. e.g. y = asin x + bcos x, etc.
	(b) Angles of elevation and depression	(i) Calculating angles of elevation and depression. (ii) Application to heights and distances.	Simple problems only.
	(c) Bearings	(i) Bearing of one point from another.	Notation e.g. 035^o, N35^oE
	(c) Bearings	(ii) Calculation of distances and angles	Simple problems only. Use of diagram is required. Sine and cosine rules may be used.

G. INTRODUCTORY CALCULUS	Calculus	(i) Differentiation of algebraic functions.	Concept/meaning of differentiation/derived function, , dy/dx , relationship between gradient of a curve at a point and the differential coefficient of the equation of the curve at that point. Standard derivatives of some basic function e.g. if y = x², dy/dx = 2x. If s = 2t³ + 4, ds/dt = v = 6t², where s = distance, t = time and v = velocity. Application to real life situation such as maximum and minimum values, rates of change etc.
G. INTRODUCTORY CALCULUS	Calculus	(ii) Integration of simple Algebraic functions.	Meaning/ concept of integration, evaluation of simple definite algebraic equations.

H. STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY.	(a) Statistics	(i) Frequency distribution	Construction of frequency distribution tables, concept of class intervals, class mark and class boundary.
		(ii) Pie charts, bar charts, histograms and frequency polygons	Reading and drawing simple inferences from graphs, interpretation of data in histograms.
		(iii) Mean, median and mode for both discrete and grouped data.	Exclude unequal class interval. Use of an assumed mean is acceptable but not required. For grouped data, the mode should be estimated from the histogram while the median, quartiles and percentiles are estimated from the cumulative frequency curve.
		(iv) Cumulative frequency curve (Ogive).	Application of the cumulative frequency curve to every day life.
		(v) Measures of Dispersion: range, semi interquartile/ inter-quartile range, variance, mean deviation and standard deviation.	Definition of range, variance, standard deviation, inter-quartile range. Note that mean deviation is the mean of the absolute deviations from the mean and variance is the square of the standard deviation. Problems on range, variance, standard deviation etc. Standard deviation of grouped data

	(b) Probability	(i) Experimental and theoretical probability.	Include equally likely events e.g. probability of throwing a six with a fair die or a head when tossing a fair coin.
		(ii) Addition of probabilities for mutually exclusive and independent events.	With replacement. without replacement.
		(iii) Multiplication of probabilities for independent events.	Simple practical problems only. Interpretation of “and” and “or” in probability.

I. VECTORS AND TRANSFORMATION	(a) Vectors in a Plane	Vectors as a directed line segment.	(5, 060^o)
		Cartesian components of a vector	e.g. (^{5 sin60^o}_{5 cos60^o})
		Magnitude of a vector, equal vectors, addition and subtraction of vectors, zero vector, parallel vectors, multiplication of a vector by scalar.	Knowledge of graphical representation is necessary.
	(b) Transformation in the Cartesian Plane	Reflection of points and shapes in the Cartesian Plane.	Restrict Plane to the x and y axes and in the lines x = k, y = x and y = kx , where k is an integer. Determination of mirror lines (symmetry).
		Rotation of points and shapes in the Cartesian Plane.	Rotation about the origin and a point other than the origin. Determination of the angle of rotation (restrict angles of rotation to -180o to 180o).
		Translation of points and shapes in the Cartesian Plane.	Translation using a translation vector.
		Enlargement	Draw the images of plane figures under enlargement with a given centre for a given scale factor.Use given scales to enlarge or reduce plane figures.

1. UNITS

Candidates should be familiar with the following units and their symbols.

( 1 ) Length

1000 millimetres (mm) = 100 centimetres (cm) = 1 metre(m).
1000 metres = 1 kilometre (km)

( 2 ) Area

10,000 square metres (m2) = 1 hectare (ha)

( 3 ) Capacity

1000 cubic centimeters (cm3) = 1 litre (l)

( 4 ) Mass

1000 milligrammes (mg) = 1 gramme (g)
1000 grammes (g) = 1 kilogramme( kg )
1000 ogrammes (kg) = 1 tonne.

( 5) Currencies

The Gambia – 100 bututs (b) = 1 Dalasi (D)
Ghana - 100 Ghana pesewas (Gp) = 1 Ghana Cedi ( GH¢)
Liberia - 100 cents (c) = 1 Liberian Dollar (LD)
Nigeria - 100 kobo (k) = 1 Naira (N)
Sierra Leone - 100 cents (c) = 1 Leone (Le)
UK - 100 pence (p) = 1 pound (£)
USA - 100 cents (c) = 1 dollar ($)
French Speaking territories 100 centimes (c) = 1 Franc (fr)
Any other units used will be defined.

2. OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION

( 1) Use of Mathematical and Statistical Tables

Mathematics and Statistical tables, published or approved by WAEC may be used in the examination room. Where the degree of accuracy is not specified in a question, the degree of accuracy expected will be that obtainable from the mathematical tables.

(2) Use of calculators

The use of non-programmable, silent and cordless calculators is allowed. The calculators must, however not have a paper print out nor be capable of receiving/sending any information. Phones with or without calculators are not allowed.

(3) Other Materials Required for the examination

Candidates should bring rulers, pairs of compasses, protractors, set squares etc required for papers of the subject. They will not be allowed to borrow such instruments and any other material from other candidates in the examination hall. Graph papers ruled in 2mm squares will be provided for any paper in which it is required.

( 4) Disclaimer

In spite of the provisions made in paragraphs 2 (1) and (2) above, it should be noted that some questions may prohibit the use of tables and/or calculators.

GENERAL MATHEMATICS/MATHEMATICS (CORE)

WAEC SYLLABUS ON GENERAL MATHEMATICS/MATHEMATICS (CORE)

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

EXAMINATION SCHEME

PAPER 1:

PAPER 2:

Section A:

Section B:

DETAILED SYLLABUS

TOPIC

SUB-TOPICS

CONTENTS

NOTES

A. NUMBER AND NUMERATION

(a) Number bases

(i) conversion of numbers from one base to another

(ii) Basic operations on number bases

(b) Modular Arithmetic

(i) Concept of Modulo Arithmetic. (ii) Addition, subtraction and multiplication operations in modulo arithmetic.

(iii) Application to daily life

(c) Fractions, Decimals and Approximations

(i) Basic operations on fractions and decimals. (ii) Approximations and significant figures.

(d) Indices

(i) Laws of indices

(ii) Numbers in standard form (scientific notation)

(e) Logarithms

(i) Relationship between indices and logarithms e.g. y = 10k implies log10y = k . (ii) Basic rules of logarithms e.g. log10(pq) = log10p + log10q log10(p/q) = log10p – log10q log10pn = nlog10p. (iii) Use of tables of logarithms and antilogarithms.

(f) Sequence and Series

(i) Patterns of sequences.

(ii) Arithmetic progression (A.P.) Geometric Progression (G.P.)

(g) Sets

(i) Idea of sets, universal sets, finite and infinite sets, subsets, empty sets and disjoint sets.

Idea of and notation for union, intersection and complement of sets.

(ii) Solution of practical problems involving classification using Venn diagrams.

(h) Logical Reasoning

Simple statements. True and false statements. Negation of statements, implications.

(i) Positive and negative integers, rational numbers

The four basic operations on rational numbers.

(j) Surds (Radicals)

Simplification and rationalization of simple surds.

(k) Matrices and Determinants

(i) Identification of order, notation and types of matrices.

(ii) Addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication and multiplication of matrices.

(iii) Determinant of a matrix

(l) Ratio, Proportions and Rates

Ratio between two similar quantities. Proportion between two or more similar quantities.

Financial partnerships, rates of work, costs, taxes, foreign exchange, density (e.g. population), mass, distance, time and speed.

(m) Percentages

Simple interest, commission, discount, depreciation, profit and loss, compound interest, hire purchase and percentage error.

(n) Financial Arithmetic

(i) Depreciation/ Amortization.

(ii) Annuities

(iii) Capital Market Instruments

(o) Variation

Direct, inverse, partial and joint variations.

B. ALGEBRAIC PROCESSES

(a) Algebraic expressions

(i) Formulating algebraic expressions from given situations

(ii) Evaluation of algebraic expressions

(b) Simple operations on algebraic expressions

(i) Expansion

(ii) Factorization

(iii) Binary Operations

(c) Solution of Linear Equations

(i) Linear equations in one variable

(ii) Simultaneous linear equations in two variables.

(d) Change of Subject of a Formula/Relation

(i) Change of subject of a formula/relation

(ii) Substitution.

(e) Quadratic Equations

(i) Solution of quadratic equations

(ii) Forming quadratic equation with given roots.

(iii) Application of solution of quadratic equation in practical problems.

(f) Graphs of Linear and Quadratic functions.

(i) Interpretation of graphs, coordinate of points, table of values, drawing quadratic graphs and obtaining roots from graphs.

(ii) Graphical solution of a pair of equations of the form: y = ax2 + bx + c and y = mx + k

(iii) Drawing tangents to curves to determine the gradient at a given point.

(g) Linear Inequalities

(i) Solution of linear inequalities in one variable and representation on the number line.

(ii) Graphical solution of linear inequalities in two variables.

(i) Concept of Modulo Arithmetic.

(ii) Addition, subtraction and multiplication operations in modulo arithmetic.

(i) Basic operations on fractions and decimals.

(ii) Approximations and significant figures.

(i) Relationship between indices and logarithms e.g. y = 10^k implies log₁₀y = k .
(ii) Basic rules of logarithms e.g. log₁₀(pq) = log₁₀p + log₁₀q
log₁₀(p/q) = log₁₀p – log₁₀q
log₁₀pn = nlog₁₀p.

(iii) Use of tables of logarithms and antilogarithms.

(ii) Arithmetic progression (A.P.)
Geometric Progression (G.P.)

(ii) Graphical solution of a pair of equations of the form: y = ax² + bx + c and y = mx + k

Operations on algebraic fractions with:
(i) Monomial denominators

(i) Use of Pythagoras theorem, sine and cosine rules to determine lengths and distances.

(ii) Lengths of arcs of circles, perimeters of sectors and segments.

(i) Angles at a point add up to 360 ^o.

(ii) Adjacent angles on a straight line are supplementary.

(iii) Vertically opposite angles are equal.

(i) Alternate angles are equal.

( ii )Corresponding angles are equal.

( iii )Interior opposite angles are supplementary

(iv) Intercept theorem.

(i) The sum of the angles of a triangle is 2 right angles.

(ii) The exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the two interior opposite angles.

(i) Bisectors of angles and line segments

(ii) Line parallel or perpendicular to a given line.

(iii)Angles e.g. 90^o, 60^o, 45^o, 30^o, and an angle equal to a given angle.

(iv) Triangles and quadrilaterals from sufficient data.

Knowledge of the loci listed below and their intersections in 2 dimensions.

(i) Points at a given distance from a given point.

(ii) Points equidistant from two given points.

(iii)Points equidistant from two given straight lines.

(iv)Points at a given distance from a given straight line.

(i) Concept of the x-y plane.

(ii) Coordinates of points on the x-y plane.

(i) Sine, Cosine and Tangent of acute angles.

(ii) Use of tables of trigonometric ratios.

(iii) Trigonometric ratios of 30^o, 45^o and 60^o.

(iv) Sine, cosine and tangent of angles from 0^o to 360^o.

(i) Calculating angles of elevation and depression.

(ii) Application to heights and distances.