FISHERIES (ALTERNATIVE B)

(For candidates in Nigeria only)

WAEC SYLLABUS ON FISHERIES (ALTERNATIVE B)

PREAMBLE

This syllabus has been designed to assess Fisheries as a trade for livelihood with emphasis on the acquisition of knowledge and skills in Fisheries and entrepreneurial skills associated with the content.

Candidates will be expected to answer questions on all the topics set out in the column headed Syllabus. The notes therein are intended to indicate the scope of the questions which will be set, but they are not to be considered as an exhaustive list of limitations and illustrations.

OBJECTIVES OF THE SYLLABUS

The syllabus will therefore seek to assess candidates on:
(1) the importance of fisheries in the socio-economic development of West Africa;
(2) skills in fish farming;
(3) basic entrepreneurial skills in fisheries related vocations;
(4) the effects of water pollution on fishery resources;
(5) fish preservation and processing techniques.

REQUIREMENTS

(1) Schools offering Fisheries must have at least a small glass/plastic tank/aquarium and a fish pond/concrete tank.
(2) The study should be supplemented by visits to well established fish farms, fisheries research institutions, fishing companies and other institutions related to fisheries.
(3) It is recommended that candidates keep practical notebooks which should contain records of activities based on laboratory and individual observations carried out in glass tanks/aquaria and fish farms, field trips and also records of specimens collected.
(4) Schools should prepare an album of fishery organisms, fishing gear and craft and different fish rearing facilities and equipment for teaching purposes.

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION


There will be three papers, Papers 1, 2 and 3 all which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2 will be a composite paper to be taken at one sitting.

PAPER 1:

Will consist of forty multiple choice objective questions all of which should be answered within 40 minutes for 40 marks.

PAPER 2:

Will consist of six essay questions. Candidates will be required to Answer four questions within 2 hours for 80 marks.

PAPER 3:

Will be a practical paper for school candidates and alternative to practical work paper for private candidates. Each version of the paper will consist of four questions all of which should be answered within 1½ hours for 60 marks.

Section B:

will be a test of practical work. It shall consist of two compulsory essay questions to be answered in 1 hour for 40 marks.

DETAILED SYLLABUS
TOPICS
CONTENTS
NOTES

A. BASIC CONCEPTS IN FISHERIES

1. Introduction to Fisheries
(a) Meaning of fisheries. 		Explanation of the terms fishery and fisheries. Fisheries refer to all processes involved in fish production, processing, marketing and distribution. Fishery is one aspect of fish production.
(b) Sub-divisions of fisheries. Knowledge of the following is required
(i) Capture fisheries (fishing):
- subsistence fisheries;
- artisanal fisheries;
- industrial fisheries.
(ii) Culture fisheries (aquaculture).
2. Importance of fisheries. Importance of fisheries e.g. food, employment, income generation, socialcultural activities, aesthetics, medicinal etc.

B. PROCESSES OF FISH PRODUCTION

1. Capture fisheries
(a) Different methods involved in capture fisheries.		 Various methods of capture fisheries such as hook and line, cast netting, set netting, trap/trapping, trawling, harpooning should be assessed.
(b) Materials required for capture fisheries and their uses. Assessment should include hooks, cages, knives/cutlasses, traps/basins, spears, cast nets, gill nets, seine nets, drag nets. Knowledge of the uses of the materials is required.
2. Culture fisheries.
(a) Identification of common qualities of culturable fish species. 		Students should have the knowledge of the qualities of culturable fish species such as hardiness, acceptability of artificial fish feeds, tolerance to poor water quality, ability to reproduce in captivity.
(b) Identification of common culturable fishery organisms. Students should be able to identify common culturable fishery organisms such as Clariasspp, Tilapia, Heterobranchus, shrimp, sea weeds.
(c) Culture facilities. Assessment should include description of culture facilities such as ponds, tanks, race ways, cages, pens.

C. TYPES OF FISH CULTURE FACILITIES AND CULTURE SYSTEMS

 1. Fish ponds.
(a) Types of fish ponds.		 Knowledge of different types of fish ponds: earthen ponds, concrete tanks, plastic tanks, fibre glass tanks etc is required.
(b) Components of fish ponds. Assessment should be limited to the components of fish ponds: inlets, outlets, dykes/embankments/walls, monks and spillways.
2. Systems of aquaculture.
(a) Types of aquaculture. 		Explanation of monoculture, poly culture and integrated fish farming is required.
(b) Management systems in aquaculture. Assessment should include the extensive, intensive and semi intensive systems of aquaculture management.
3. Water quality control and monitoring.
(a) Definition of water quality.		 Conditions of water that promote good health of fishery organisms for survival should be assessed
(b) Water quality parameters. Assessment should cover the various water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity.
(c) Methods of monitoring water quality. Knowledge of the methods used in monitoring water quality:
DO meter, wrinkler method, pH meter, litmus test etc is required.

Knowledge of water pollution should be assessed under the following headings:

- causes (poisons, sewage, debris, household refuse);

- prevention and control.
(e) Optimum water parameter ranges Knowledge of optimum water parameter ranges is required:
- DO(5.0 – 8.0 mg/l);
- pH(6.5 – 8.0);
- turbidity (secchi disc measurement less than 30 cm).

D. FISH FEEDS AND FEEDING

 1. Fish feed/food materials.
(a) Identification of different fish feed/food materials		 Knowledge of natural fish food (phytoplankton and zooplankton) and artificial fish feed should be covered. A clear distinction between food and feed should be made.
(b) Nutritive value of fish feed ingredients Assessment should cover energy yielding ingredients (corn, wheat bran, garri, rice bran etc.) and protein yielding ingredients (soya bean, fish meal, groundnut cake etc.). Details of ration formulation and biochemical details are not required.
2. Fish feeding.
(a) Feeding regime for fish. 		Knowledge should cover explanation of feeding regime such as 3% - 5 % of fish body weight based on age/size is required.
(b) Ideal feeding periods for fish. Knowledge of ideal feeding periods based on age/size is required.
(c) Methods of feeding. Assessment should cover feeding methods such as broadcasting, spot/point feeding, automated feeding.

E. FISH POND PREPARATION AND MANAGEMENT

 1. Fish pond construction Assessment would cover site selection; construction of earthen ponds: land measurement/mapping, staking, excavation, building of dykes etc; construction of concrete ponds: land measurement/mapping, staking, stripping of the top soil, concrete base or casting, building with correct mixtures of sand, gravel and cement etc.
2. Pond preparation
(a) Tools required for pond preparation. 		Knowledge of tools such as digger, head pan, cutlass, wheelbarrow, spade, hand trowel is required.
(b) Preparation of ponds for stocking. Knowledge of maintenance activities of old and new ponds should include:
- flushing of water;
- repair of leakages/cracks;
- liming and fertilization
- drying and cleaning etc.
3. Pond management.
(a) Meaning of pond management. 		Assessment should cover monitoring water quality, daily checking of leakages/seepage, methods of feeding and stocking, stocking rate and time etc.
(b) Pond management practices.

F. FISH HARVESTING AND POST HARVESTING PROCESSES

 1. Materials and methods for harvesting fish.
(a) Fishing gear		 Knowledge of the various fishing gear is required.
(b) Construction and mending of fishing gear. Knowledge of the materials used for construction and mending of fishing gear is required. Details of construction and mending are required.
(c) Methods of fish harvesting. Assessment should cover the various methods of harvesting fish
(d) Fishing crafts Knowledge of the various types of fishing crafts is required.
2. Post-harvest handling of fish
(a) Materials and methods for processing fish. 		Assessment should cover the different methods of fish processing and preservation.
(b) Methods of fish preservation. A clear distinction between fish processing and fish preservation should be made.
(c) Packaging materials for fish Knowledge of the qualities of good breeders should include hardiness, ability to breed in captivity, large size, without defects etc.
(d) Marketing channels for fish. Assessment should cover ideal period of transporting fish; duration in confinement and careful handling of brood stock.

G. FISH SEED PRODUCTION

 1. Brood stock selection and handling.
a) Differences between male and female sexually matured fishes.		 Assessment should cover:
the meaning of artificial breeding as ‘manipulating the sexually matured fish to spawn or reproduce in captivity’;
importance of artificial breeding such as to:
- obtain high quality hybrids;
- obtain large quantity of fish seed;
- make fingerlings readily available.
(b) Qualities of good breeders.
(c) Ways of handling brood stock Brood stock selection, conditioning, inducement, stripping, fertilization and incubation of fertilized eggs should be assessed.
2. Artificial breeding
(a) Meaning and importance of artificial breeding.
(b) Steps involved in artificial breeding of fishes. (b) Steps involved in artificial breeding of fishes.
(c) Equipment and materials used in the artificial breeding of fish Assessment should cover knowledge of equipment and materials such as basins, happa net, hatching troughs, syringes, aquaria tanks, microscope.
3. Managing and nursing fish seed Assessment should include maintaining optimum water condition (aeration), feeding with natural food organisms (plankton), introduction of artificial feed based on size, separation of dead/unfertilized eggs from hatchlings, transferring to production/growout ponds/tanks, sorting of shooters/jumpers etc.

PRACTICAL FISHERIES
TOPIC.
CONTENTS
NOTE
A. FISH CULTURE

1. Environmental conditions in fish habitats.

 Measurement of environmental conditions is required: temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and turbidity.

2. Tools and equipment used in fish culture.

 Identification, uses and maintenance of fishery tools and equipment e.g. secchi disc, water pump, pelleting machine, aerators.

3. Common culturable fish species.

 Identification of common culturable fish species in your country is required. Knowledge of scientific names is required.

4. Fish feed and materials.

 Identification of types of fish feed and uses of fish feed materials is required.

5. Materials for pond preparation

 Identification and uses of materials for pond preparation: lime , fertilizers etc is required
B. FISHING GEAR AND CRAFT

1. Fishing gear.

 Identification, description and uses of fishing gear e.g. gill net, cast net, seine, traps. Identification of parts and their functions should be assessed. Maintenance of fishing gear is also required.

2. Fishing craft.

 Identification, description, uses and maintenance of fishing craft should be assessed.
C. FISH PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION

1. Fish processing and preservation.

 Assessment should include the identification of common processed and preserved fish; identification and uses of common processing and preservation methods.

2. Equipment used in fish processing and preservation.

 Identification and uses of fish processing equipment e.g. knives, measuring bowls, weighing balances, hand gloves; fish preservation equipment e.g. freezer, smoking kiln.

3. Fish products and by-products.

 Identification and uses of fish products and by-products e.g. fish scales, fish oil, fish skin.

4. Fish packaging materials.

 Identification of fish packaging materials e.g. fish boxes, nylon, baskets, cardboard

LIST OF FACILITIES AND MAJOR EQUIPMENT
ITEM NO.
EQUIPMENT
QUANTITY REQUIRED
1 .

DO(Dissolved Oxygen) meter

2
2 .

pH meter

2
3 .

Conductivity meter

2
4 .

Thermometer

50
5 .

Water Test Kits

2
6 .

Microscopes

4
7 .

Magnifying Glass

30
8 .

Aquaria Tanks

5
9 .

Hatching Troughs

5
10.

Nursery Tanks/Ponds

3
11.

Demonstration Ponds

1 or more
12.

Scoop Nets

10
13.

Aerators and Accessories

10
14.

Plastic Sieves

10
15.

Compounded Feeds

Many bags
16.

Grinding Machines

2
17.

Charts and Pictures

Assorted
18.

Video Clips in Fisheries

Assorted
19.

Pelleting Machine

1
20.

Dissection Kits

2
21.

Water Pumps

2
22.

Secchi Disc

2
23.

Model Gillnet

1
24.

Model Cast net

1
25.

Model Siene net

1
26.

Model traps

Assorted
27.

Model hooks and line

2
28.

Model trawl net

1
29.

Netting materials

Assorted
30.

Hooks packets

20(nos 1-20)
31.

Nylon ropes

1
32.

Mounting twine

1
33.

Canoe

1
34.

Paddles

2
35.

Gutting knives

10
36.

Measuring boards

5
37.

Weighing balances

2
38.

Hand gloves

30
39.

Freezers

2
40.

Ovens

2
41.

Kilns

2
42.

Fish drying racks

2
43.

Fish boxes

5
44.

Salting trays/basins

5
45.

Sun-drying mats

5
46.

Cardboards box

5
47.

Nylon

10(bundles)
48.

Baskets

10


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