Wuthering Heights
by
Emily Bronté
Background of the novel & novelist , setting , plot and summary
Subject: Literature-in-English
Theme: Literature in English
Topic: Wuthering Heights by EMILY BRONTE
Sub Topic: Plot Narration and Event in the novel
Date: dd/mm/yyyy
Class: S.S 2
Average Age: 15 years and above
Duration: 35 Minutes
No of Learners: 40
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. narrate the BACKGROUND OF THE NOVELIST.
They were called the amazing literary geniuses of the 19th century English literature. They were three sisters a brother. The sisters were charlotte Bronte, the eldest and two Years older than Emily, Emily herself was a year and half older than her sister, Anne and all of them except the brother, Barnwell Bronte were all writers. Emily Brontë was born at Thornton in 1818.Though the sisters were all born at Thornton, the family later moved to Haworth. Their father Reverend Patrick Bronte was an Irish-born minister (pastor) who lived in Haworth in Yorkshire, England. The children’s mother died when they were quite young. Emily was only three years old when her mother died. The three sisters and their brother Barnwell grew up in together in the lonely parsonage on the Yorkshire moors.
It was Barnwell however who was the biggest hope of the family but he became quite the opposite and became rather the black sheep of the family when he became a chronic drunk. The little Brontë girls went to school at Cowan’s Bridge. Emily, the prettiest of the sisters, was ‘a darling child, under five years of age, quite the pet nursling of the school.
One day, dad bought home a set of wooden soldiers. The three girls seized on them and used them to create imaginary kingdoms with names like Gondol and Angrai. Thus, this kick started their writing career. The reverend Patrick was far from well-off and the girls had to earn their living. Charlotte became governess, a private teacher for well to do families. Then she and her sister, Emily went to Brussels to study languages at the maison d’education. It was said that charlotte fell in love with her teacher but the teacher did not give her any attention seeing that she was a minor. This later became the subject of her novel ‘the professor’ which became a best-seller but was not appreciated at that time. Charlotte masterpiece however was when she wrote ‘Jane Eyre’.
For Emily, she loved nothing better than roaming the countryside, the moor. Her one and only novel Wuthering Heights reflects this passionate nature of her. Emily was silent and very reserved person. She never really had friends. The only people in Haworth she talked to were the servants and the visitors forced upon the home by the brother. Yet she loved life and shrank from death. Between her sister Anne and herself there was a tie of peculiar tenderness and closeness.
When close on seventeen, Emily went to school at Roe Head with Charlotte. In this year she found her brother Branwell beginning to go wrong, drinking in the public house and doing no work. she visited Miss Nussey. When she came back she found Branwell dismissed by his employe The three sisters were each busy on a novel, Emily was writing Wuthering Heights, Charlotte The Professor, and Anne Agnes Grey. It was a heavy and dreary time. Branwell became more and more the oppression of the family. Emily went on to write over 200 poems but wuthering heights was the only novel she wrote. In 1847 14th December.—Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey were published by Newby, who was encouraged by the success of Jane Eyre by charlotte bronte.
In September of 1848 ,Patrick Branwell Brontë died.
Emily Bronte herself died on 19th December, 1848 , ‘conscious, panting, reluctant’ at the age of thirty years. She caught a chill at her brother Barnwell funeral and died a few months later.
2. narrate the BACKGROUND OF THE NOVEL.
Wuthering Heights (1847) by English novelist Emily Bronte is the sole novel upon which her fame rests. Using intense symbolism, Bronte weaves her gothic novel as a tale of love, passion, hatred, vengeance, pride, and redemption. The story follows the technique of multiple narrators, initiated by Mr. Lockwood, coming as a tenant at Thrushcross Grange, a farm owned by Mr. Heathcliff in the Yorkshire Moors. Strange and supernatural experiences lead him to hear an extraordinary story of how love turned sour but was redeemed through love. Through Nelly, the caretaker of the house, he records how two families, antithetical in nature, blend together and transform the lives of all involved. It is a story of the destructive aspect of love and its power to persevere even after death.3. State the SETTINGS of the Novel
The story opens in the year 1801, with Mr. Lockwood reaching Thrushcross Grange as its tenant. The strange experiences that he receives at the place excite his curiosity. From its caretaker, Nelly, he learns the tale of two families and the destructive power of love coupled with a vengeance. Through her narration, the story moves back to the 1770s. Though the novel belongs to the Victorian era, it essentially harkens back to the Romantic Age in England and deals with individual lives and passions.Wuthering Heights is set in the windswept and stormy Yorkshire Moors in Northern England. The nature there is tumultuous and unpredictable, akin to Heathcliff whose endurance of humiliation from Hindley Earnshaw and the Lintons. The setting is eerie with its moody landscapes and blizzards- a perfect ambiance for a gothic novel. It incorporates the device of pathetic fallacy as the nature impacts the temperament of its characters.
4. Explain the THEMES of the Novel.
when Lockwood has rented Thrushcross Grange. Lockwood goes back to London. As a matter of surprise to everyone, Cathy and Hareton have fallen in love. Heathcliff sees a strong similarity in both Hareton and Cathy with his love story and hence no longer he feels the need for revenge. Heathcliff dies and is buried beside Catherine on opposite side of Edgar. At last Cathy and Hareton are free of interfering adults and thus plan to marry and move to Thrushcross Grange.(i). Hate, Revenge and retribution
Heathcliff hates as fiercely as he used to love Cathy, and most of his actions are motivated by a desire of vengeance. Throughout the novel, he resorts to exact some form of retribution from all those who, in his mind, had wronged him: Hindley (and his progeny) for mistreating him, and the Lintons (Edgar and Isabella) for taking Cathy away from him.Oddly, despite his all-consuming love for Cathy, he is not particularly nice towards her daughter, Catherine. Instead, while assuming the role of the stereotypical villain, he kidnaps her, forces her to marry his sickly son, and generally mistreats her.
Revenge is also one of the major themes in the book. A maze of vengeful and retributive action are interwoven in the novel. Directly or indirectly, Heathcliff is at the end of it all. His natural inclinations as a misanthropist i.e. a hater of mankind fuels revenge and results in retributions. Hindleys unkind actions towards the adopted orphan triggers the chain of revenge. When he grows up and have some measures of influence, he returns to exact his revenge on Hindley and extends it to Hindley’s son, Hareton. He also takes out his revenge on Cathy because he feels cheated when she marries Edgar who is from a higher class, instead of a nameless street urchin like him. He nurses this grudge for about three years before systematically executing his revenge plans which later involves his marrying Edgar’s sister, Isabella and mortifying her in the matrimony. The result for both Catherine and Isabella is untimely death. But he does not stop at that. He continues to fight Edgar subtly and openly after causing the deaths of his wife and sister. This too hastens Edgar’s death. When he begins to pride himself and reap from his dark achievements in defeating his enemies and appropriating their wealth, he comes down with a strange illness that sends him to an early grave. Already Cathy has placed a cursor on him for destroying her life and he suffers torments and sleepless nights for eighteen years. Thus his revenge results in retributions. In the same vein, those who revel in and received illicit gains by causing others pain never go unpunished.
(ii). Social Class
Wuthering Heights is fully immersed in the class-related issues of the Victorian era, which were not just a matter of affluence. The characters show that birth, the source of income, and family connections played a relevant role in determining someone’s place in society, and people usually accepted that place.Wuthering Heights portrays a class-structured society. The Lintons were part of the professional middle class, and the Earnshaws were a little below the Lintons. Nelly Dean was lower-middle class, as she worked non-manual labour (servants were superior to manual labourers). Heathcliff, an orphan, used to occupy the lowest rung in society in the Wuthering Heights universe, but when Mr. Earnshaw openly favoured him, he went against societal norms.
Class is also why Cathy decides to marry Edgar and not Heathcliff. When Heathcliff returns to the heath a well-dressed, moneyed, and educated man, he still remains an outcast from society. Class also explains Heathcliff’s attitude towards Hindley’s son, Hareton. He debases Hareton the way Hindley had debased him, thereby enacting a reverse class-motivated revenge.
(iii). Passion/Love
A meditation on the nature of love permeates the entirety of Wuthering Heights. Of course, the most important relationship is the one between Cathy and Heathcliff, which is all-consuming and brings Cathy to fully identify with Heathcliff, to the point that she says “I am Heathcliff.” Their love is everything but simple, though. They betray one another and themselves in order to marry a person for whom they feel a tamer—but convenient—kind of love. Interestingly, despite its intensity, the love between Cathy and Heathcliff is never consummated. Even when Heathcliff and Cathy are reunited in their afterlife, they do not rest peacefully. Instead, they haunt the moorland as ghosts.The love that develops between young Catherine and Hindley’s son, Hareton, is a paler and gentler version of the love between Cathy and Heathcliff, and it’s poised for a happy ending.
Loves in the novel comes in different forms. There is undying love as displayed by Heathcliff to Catherine. Both develop love feelings for each other when they were young. This feeling progress even into adulthood and even in death.in fact, they ae finally united in death as both are buried side by side. In reality, the portrayal of this kind of love borders on the unrealistic. Although they never got married or consummate the love at any point when they were alive, it is clear that they shared an unbreakable bond that is not put apart by death. Although Cathy ends up marrying Edgar, her heart is always with Heathcliff. The marriage between Cathy and Edgar highlights another kind of love-that based on selfishness. On the other hand, the love between Heathcliff and Isabella is love based on infatuation. Infatuation on the part of Isabella. Similarly, Catherine Linton becomes infatuated with her cousin to whom she is later married. Later, she develops yet another kind of love for Hareton-true love, this forms of love also play out daily in every human society.
(iv). Deceit and betrayal
This theme runs throughout the novel. As it were, Heathcliff is the king of deceit and betrayal. He appears as helpless and harmless and plays his way into the heart of kind Earnshaw who takes off the street and brings him home, defending him against injustices of any kind whether perceived or real. All this eventually counts for nothing as Heathcliff uses trickery and blackmail to take all that belongs to his benefactor after his death. First, he blackmails Hindley and drives him to untimely death, next, he concocts to drive a wedge between Cathy and her husband. Then he deceives Catherine to marry his son in order to harvest their inheritance. When his deceits found out by Edgar who is on his deathbed, he prevents any action from being taken by bribing the lawyer so that he does not heed the summons to come and have the will changed.(v). Benevolence
This theme is highlighted by the actions of old Earnshaw who opened his heart and home to the orphan boy called Heathcliff even when foster care or an orphanage is an option. Till he dies, he gives everything he owns his biological child and even more to the adopted child leaving a model of philanthropy worthy of emulation. Also Catherine Heathcliff and her nanny mentor, Mrs. dean also demonstrated this attribute going out of their ways to bring peace ,joy and relief to the lives of those around them. Catherine sends books to her cousin to enrich his reading experience and assist him to cope with his content health issues. She teaches Hereton to read and write. she readily foregoes her heritance to prolong the lives of her father and her cousin husband, even though her sacrifice comes at the cost of adjusting to the life of a mere servant who is deprived of freedom and necessities required by a woman. The actions of Mrs. Dean reflects a dedication to benevolence too. She nurses Mr. Lockwood to health and returns happily to wuthering heights to continue to provide care and guidance for both Hareton and Catherine, children she played with and played the nanny to when their mother s died at their birth.(vi). Religious hypocrisy
This theme has contemporary relevance. Joseph, the house help gives the impression of someone pious but possess no trace of piety beyond his penchant to use the scriptures to browbeat and call evil on anyone who crosses his path. Every single actions of his belies the practice of Christianity which is based on love and forgiveness. He is unforgiving, overbearing and sanctimoniously hypocritical. Reverent Braderham’s sermon too is cold, distant and loveless. It is meant to fulfill all righteousness, leaving more of the congregate more weary than uplifted. Such is the case with many church leaders who fleece the flocks and tear them down with financial burdens and woes of lurking evils that needs to be exorcised. The members lived in fears of their own shadows including close members of their families.(vii). Loyalty and disloyalty
The subtheme of loyalty is demonstrated in the life of Hereton in particular. Though maltreated by his foster father, he remains loyal to him, having an uncomplaining attitude regardless of the duties and responsibilities he is given, often out in the cold and demanding physical exertion of the most strenuous type. His being denied of the inheritance and privilege of being educated never stirs up in him a feeling of revenge, another of the theme developed in the text. the issue of disloyalty is seen in the conduct of nelly dean with regards to the instructions given to her by her employer, Mr. Edgar Linton, from time to time, we see her go contrary to her master’s instructions and serve the interest of his enemy. Mr. Heathcliff, even when not forced to do so. Sometimes, she keeps vital information from her master and abets Heathcliff in his machinations.(viii). Good versus evil
The age old issue of the struggle between good and evil is also explored in the novel. While some of characters in the story are inclined to do good, others take delight in doing evil. Mr. Earnshaw is simple being good when he decides to bring the orphaned boy, Heathcliff home to care for him. Unfortunately, this gestures provokes ill will in Hindley, who displaced in his father love. Heathcliff assumes the embodiment of evil as he grows the negative emotions of jealousy, envy and vindictiveness. He is unable to overcome his evil instinct until he is about to die, having destroyed many things, interestingly, a characters like Hareton is able to overcome tendencies for evil and pays evil with good.5. Explain the LANGUAGE AND STYLE use in the novel.
i. Doubles and Opposites
Brontë arranges several elements of her novel into pairs that both differ and have similarities with one another. For example, Catherine and Heathcliff perceive themselves as being identical. Cathy and her daughter, Catherine, look much alike, but their personalities differ. When it comes to love, Cathy is split between her socially appropriate marriage to Edgar and her bond with Heathcliff.Similarly, the estates Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange represent opposing forces and values, yet the two houses are bonded through marriage and tragedy in both generations. Even Nelly and Lockwood, the two narrators, embody this dualism. Background-wise, they could not be more different, yet, with Nelly being too involved in the events and Lockwood being too far removed, they are both unreliable narrators.
ii. Using Nature to Describe a Character
Nature plays an important role in Wuthering Heights as both an empathetic participant in the setting of the novel—a moorland is prone to winds and storms—, and as a way to describe the characters’ personalities. Cathy and Heathcliff are usually associated with images of wilderness, while the Lintons are associated with pictures of cultivated land. Cathy likens Heathcliff’s soul to the arid wilderness of the moors, while Nelly describes the Lintons as honeysuckles, cultivated and fragile. When Heathcliff speaks about Edgar’s love for Cathy, he says, “He might as well plant an oak in a flower-pot and expect it to thrive, as imagine he can restore her to vigour in the soil of his shallow cares!”iii. USE OF SYMBOLISM
The novel makes use of symbolism in many ways. There is symbolism in the setting of the story, in the climatic conditions depicted, in the characters represented and in sundry objects seen in the novel. The story setting is the countryside where moors dominated the landscape. The moors where Catherine and Heathcliff love to play, as an uncultivated upland, represented the barrenness of the relationship. It also symbolize the wildness of their characters. Wuthering Heights represent the dark side of man, as well as the wild and less cultured class of the society, while Thrust Cross Grange represent utopia as well as gentry. The wild weather frequently seen at the heights represent the wildness of its inhabitants. The key Catherine threw into the fire while Heathcliff and Edgar fight represent her dismissal of them both from her heart. Characters such as Edgar and Heathcliff are also symbolic, the former represents social refinement and elitist manners while the latter represent the working class or commoners values.The Ragged Wuthering Heights vs. the Pristine Thrushcross Grange.
As an estate, Wuthering Heights is a farmhouse in the moorlands ruled by the cruel and ruthless Hindley. It symbolizes the wildness of both Cathy and Heathcliff. By contrast, Thrushcross Grange, all adorned in crimson, represents cultural and societal norms. When Cathy is bitten by the guard dogs of Thrushcross Grange and she’s brought into the Lintons’ orbit, the two realities begin to clash. The “chaos” of Wuthering Heights wreaks havoc in the Lintons’ peaceful and seemingly idyllic existence, as Cathy’s marriage to Edgar precipitates Heathcliff’s vengeful actions.
iv. USE OF CONTRAST
Beginning with the two houses and families, contrast saturates the novel. In terms of characterization, there is contrast between Heathcliff and Edgar, between Catherine and Isabella and between Linton and Hareton. Thematically, we see contrast of good and evil, passion and rationality, chaos and order, nature and culture, health and sickness, division and reconciliation, and revenge and forgiveness.v. NARRATIVE TECHNIQUE
The novel makes use of multiple narrators. The main narrators are Mr. Lockwood and Mrs. Nelly Dean, the former being the primary narrators while the latter is the secondary narrator. Mr. Lockwood begins the story and ends the narrative but Mrs. Nelly narrates the better part of the story. These narrators are also uses first person narrative technique as they are involve in the events in the story. A close attention to their narration however reveals element of subjectivity especially on the part of secondary narrator through whose perspective we see most of events in the story. The plot does not follow a chronological or linear order as the story start in the middle and using flashback brings in the past and then reconnects with the present where the story ends.vi. USE OF IRONY
Both in verbal and dramatic forms, irony is used in the story. A number of instances would serve to illustrate. There ids dramatic irony when Heathcliff eavesdrops on the conversation between Catherine and nelly about Edgar’s proposal and Catherine decision not to marry Heathcliff because he had been downgraded. Despite Catherine decision, she admits that she loves Heathcliff very much and that he is her soulmate. Instead of waiting to hear Catherine through .he leaves as soon as she declared that she cannot marry him due to his being degraded. He does not wait to hear her true confession of love for him. If he had perhaps he would have waited to persuade her against her the decision. While he leaves ignorant of her love for him. The reader is aware of this fact. When Isabella considers Heathcliff as ‘a rough diamond- a pearl containing oyster of a rustic’, the readers and the Catherine and nelly knew the opposite was the case. It is also ironical that Heathcliff’s obsession with taking over the heights and the grange and making them his fails and both eventually return to the rightful inheritors. Hareton, Hindley’s son and Catherine, Edgar’s daughter eventually becomes the owners of the two houses.7. SUMMARIZE THE NOVEL
This is the Summary of Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte. The plot of the summary of Wuthering Heights is of England during the early 19th century. Mr. Lockwood is living on rent in the estate called Thrushcross Grange. He visited twice his landlord, Mr. Heathcliff’s residence at a nearby manor called Wuthering Heights. During his second visit, Lockwood meets some mysterious residents of Wuthering Heights. Lockwood asks the housekeeper Nelly, to know about Heathcliff and the Wuthering Heights. Then Nelly recalls a complicated story of two families, the Earnshaws and the Lintons.Mr. Earnshaw was the owner of Wuthering Heights and having two children, Hindley and Catherine, and one adopted child Heathcliff. Hindley is jealous of Heathcliff whereas his father and sister both are very fond of Heathcliff. Mr. Earnshaw sends Hindley to the college, and meanwhile, Catherine and Heathcliff become close to each other. After the death of Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley returns with his wife as a new owner. Hindley forces Heathcliff to live like a servant. Hindley’s wife dies after giving birth to a boy, Hareton.
Meanwhile, Heathcliff and Catherine grow interest in another family of Lintons, at Thrushcross Grange. The Lintons have two children, Edgar and Isabella. During his stay of five weeks with the Lintons, Catherine becomes close to Edgar. She finds Edgar’s wealth and beauty more attractive, although she is still passionate about Heathcliff. Heathcliff leaves Wuthering Heights in one night.
In the absence of Heathcliff, Catherine marries Edgar Linton and moves to Thrushcross Grange. Just after one year, Heathcliff returns, as rich and dignified, but wild and ferocious too. Catherine is excited to see Heathcliff and she continues to see Heathcliff despite her husband’s disapproval. Heathcliff moves into Wuthering Heights. Hindley welcomes Heathcliff into his home seeing his money, as he has become a gambler and has lost his wealth.
Soon after, it reveals that Heathcliff and Isabella are having a crush on each other. But, this developing romance leads to a conflict between Edgar and Heathcliff. Edgar is against all of these. Meanwhile, Catherine becomes ill due to her decision to not eating anything. On the other hand, Heathcliff elopes with Isabella on some night.
Edgar takes care of Catherine for two months. Catherine is pregnant. At Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff treats Isabella in a very terrible way just after the wedding. Edgar refuses to have any relationship with Isabella because he believes that Heathcliff wed Isabella only for taking Thrushcross Grange from the Lintons. Heathcliff take concerned about Catherine’s health, and he goes to Thrushcross Grange while Edgar is away. Heathcliff and Catherine profess about their continuing and eternal love. That night, Catherine gives birth to a girl, Cathy, and then she dies after a few hours.
Two days later, Isabella escapes from the Wuthering Heights to leave somewhere outside London. There she gives birth to Heathcliff’s son, Linton. After six months, Hindley dies. By paying all debts of Hindley, Heathcliff becomes the owner of Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff keeps Hareton in the same kind of servitude into which he was placed by Hindley before.
After twelve years, Cathy is now a beautiful young woman, and Hareton is a rough youth. After the death of Isabella, Edgar brings Linton back to Thrushcross Grange, whereas Heathcliff insists that Linton should come to live with him at Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff then purposely cultivates a friendship between Linton and Cathy. Due to his bad health, Edgar allows Cathy to meet with Linton at Thrushcross Grange.
One day, Heathcliff forces Cathy and Nelly to return with him and Linton to Wuthering Heights. There Cathy is married to Linton. Then to take care of her father Cathy escapes from Wuthering Heights. But after her father’s death, she is taken back to Wuthering Heights by Heathcliff. Edgar is buried next to her wife Catherine. Soon Linton dies, and Heathcliff now owns both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. Cathy lives forcefully with Heathcliff and Hareton at Wuthering Heights.
Now the story is back to present when Lockwood has rented Thrushcross Grange. Lockwood goes back to London. As a matter of surprise to everyone, Cathy and Hareton have fallen in love. Heathcliff sees a strong similarity in both Hareton and Cathy with his love story and hence no longer he feels the need for revenge. He dies and is buried beside the Catherine on opposite side of Edgar. At last Cathy and Hareton are free of interfering adults and thus plan to marry and move to Thrushcross Grange.
List and explain the CHARACTERIZATION IN the Novel: Major characterization
(a) Heathcliff
An orphan brought to live at Wuthering Heights by Mr. Earnshaw, Heathcliff falls into an intense, unbreakable love with Mr. Earnshaw’s daughter Catherine. After Mr. Earnshaw dies, his resentful son Hindley abuses Heathcliff and treats him as a servant. Because of her desire for social prominence, Catherine marries Edgar Linton instead of Heathcliff. Heathcliff’s humiliation and misery prompt him to spend most of the rest of his life seeking revenge on Hindley, his beloved Catherine, and their respective children (Hareton and young Cathy). A powerful, fierce, and often cruel man, Heathcliff acquires a fortune and uses his extraordinary powers of will to acquire both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, the estate of Edgar Linton.(b) Catherine Earnshaw
The daughter of Mr. Earnshaw and his wife, Catherine falls powerfully in love with Heathcliff, the orphan Mr. Earnshaw brings home from Liverpool. Catherine loves Heathcliff so intensely that she claims they are the same person. However, her desire for social advancement motivates her to marry Edgar Linton instead. Catherine is free-spirited, beautiful, spoiled, and often arrogant. She is given to fits of temper, and she is torn between her wild passion for Heathcliff and her social ambition. She brings misery to both of the men who love her.(c) Edgar Linton
Well-bred but rather spoiled as a boy, Edgar Linton grows into a tender, constant, but cowardly man. He is almost the ideal gentleman: Catherine accurately describes him as “handsome,” “pleasant to be with,” “cheerful,” and “rich.” However, this full assortment of gentlemanly characteristics, along with his civilized virtues, proves useless in Edgar’s clashes with his foil, Heathcliff, who gains power over his wife, sister, and daughter.(d) Lockwood
Lockwood’s narration forms a frame around Nelly’s; he serves as an intermediary between Nelly and the reader. A somewhat vain and presumptuous gentleman, he deals very clumsily with the inhabitants of Wuthering Heights. Lockwood comes from a more domesticated region of England, and he finds himself at a loss when he witnesses the strange household’s disregard for the social conventions that have always structured his world. As a narrator, his vanity and unfamiliarity with the story occasionally lead him to misunderstand events.(e) Nelly Dean
Nelly Dean (known formally as Ellen Dean) serves as the chief narrator of Wuthering Heights. A sensible, intelligent, and compassionate woman, she grew up essentially alongside Hindley and Catherine Earnshaw and is deeply involved in the story she tells. She has strong feelings for the characters in her story, and these feelings complicate her narration.(f) Isabella Linton
Edgar Linton’s sister, who falls in love with Heathcliff and marries him. She sees Heathcliff as a romantic figure, like a character in a novel. Ultimately, she ruins her life by falling in love with him. He never returns her feelings and treats her as a mere tool in his quest for revenge on the Linton family.(g) Cathy Linton
The daughter of Edgar Linton and the first Catherine. The first Catherine begins her life as an Earnshaw and ends it as a Linton; her daughter, referred to for clarity's sake in this as Cathy, begins as a Linton and, assuming that she marries Hareton after the end of the story, goes on to become an Earnshaw. The mother and the daughter share not only a name, but also a tendency toward headstrong behavior, impetuousness, and occasional arrogance. However, Edgar’s influence seems to have tempered young Cathy's character, and she is a gentler and more compassionate creature than her mother.(h) Hareton Earnshaw
The son of Hindley and Frances Earnshaw, Hareton is Catherine’s nephew. After Hindley’s death, Heathcliff assumes custody of Hareton, and raises him as an uneducated field worker, just as Hindley had done to Heathcliff himself. Thus Heathcliff uses Hareton to seek revenge on Hindley. Illiterate and quick-tempered, Hareton is easily humiliated, but shows a good heart and a deep desire to improve himself. At the end of the novel, he marries Cathy.(i) Linton Heathcliff
Heathcliff’s son by Isabella. Weak, sniveling, demanding, and constantly ill, Linton is raised in London by his mother and does not meet his father until he is thirteen years old, when he goes to live with him after his mother’s death. Heathcliff despises Linton, treats him contemptuously, and, by forcing him to marry Cathy, uses him to cement his control over Thrushcross Grange after Edgar Linton’s death. Linton himself dies not long after this marriage.(j) Hindley Earnshaw
Catherine’s brother, and Mr. Earnshaw’s son. Hindley resents it when Heathcliff is brought to live at Wuthering Heights. After his father dies and he inherits the estate, Hindley begins to abuse the young Heathcliff, terminating his education and forcing him to work in the fields. When Hindley’s wife Frances dies shortly after giving birth to their son Hareton, he lapses into alcoholism and dissipation.(k) Mr. Earnshaw
Catherine and Hindley’s father. Mr. Earnshaw adopts Heathcliff and brings him to live at Wuthering Heights. Mr. Earnshaw prefers Heathcliff to Hindley but nevertheless bequeaths Wuthering Heights to Hindley when he dies.(l) Mrs. Earnshaw
Catherine and Hindley’s mother, who neither likes nor trusts the orphan Heathcliff when he is brought to live at her house. She dies shortly after Heathcliff’s arrival at Wuthering Heights.List and explain the CHARACTERIZATION IN the Novel: MINOR CHARACTERIZATION
(m) Joseph
A long-winded, fanatically religious, elderly servant at Wuthering Heights. Joseph is strange, stubborn, and unkind, and he speaks with a thick Yorkshire accent. Frances Earnshaw Hindley’s simpering, silly wife, who treats Heathcliff cruelly. She dies shortly after giving birth to Hareton.(n) Mr. Linton
Edgar and Isabella’s father and the proprietor of Thrushcross Grange when Heathcliff and Catherine are children. An established member of the gentry, he raises his son and daughter to be well-mannered young people.(o) Mrs. Linton
Mr. Linton’s somewhat snobbish wife, who does not like Heathcliff to be allowed near her children, Edgar and Isabella. She teaches Catherine to act like a gentle-woman, thereby instilling her with social ambitions.(p) Zillah
The housekeeper at Wuthering Heights during the latter stages of the narrative.(q) Mr. Green
Edgar Linton’s lawyer, who arrives too late to hear Edgar’s final instruction to change his will, which would have prevented Heathcliff from obtaining control over Thrushcross Grange.Rationale:
In the absence of Heathcliff, Catherine marries Edgar Linton and moves to Thrushcross Grange. Just after one year, Heathcliff returns, as rich and dignified, but wild and ferocious too. Catherine is excited to see Heathcliff and she continues to see Heathcliff despite her husband’s disapproval. Heathcliff moves into Wuthering Heights. Hindley welcomes Heathcliff into his home seeing his money, as he has become a gambler and has lost his wealth.Prerequisite/ Previous knowledge:
Storyings, songs, history etc.Learning Resources:
Flash cards, an audio video youtube examples, Available useful objects.Reference Materials:
1. Exam focus on Literature in English by J.O.J Nwachukwu et’al.2. Standard literature in English vol .4 by Tony Duru
3. Wuthering Heights by EMILY BRONTE.
Lesson Development:
STAGE |
TEACHER'S ACTIVITY |
LEARNER'S ACTIVITY |
LEARNING POINTS |
|---|---|---|---|
| STEP 1: PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE full class session (3 mins) |
The teacher Introduces the lesson by asking questions based on previous knowledge from the novel, Unexpected Joy at Dawn by ALEX AGYEI AGYIRI 1. Demonstrate one of the major events in the story and summarize the story using the events chronologically. 2. Mention and analyze some of the major events in the story. 3. Mention some of the themes use in the novel |
The students respond to the questions based on previous knowledge. Students narrate the plot sequentially 1. The novel centers on the life of two blood relations Nii Moses and mama orojo who were separated by the ofcial government policyof alien repatriation by the Ghanaian military government in 1969. They have been separated for ffteen years, mama travelled to Nigeria with her parents who died on the road while Nii remained in Ghana with their grandmother. Nii Tackie spent all he has in the bid to save his wife who later died, owes the bank and still does not feel safe because of the xenophobic feeling towards foreigners in Ghana. He was sure that his Yoruba tribal mark was going to grant his access in Nigeria but he was disappointed because he could not speak any of the Nigerian dialects. Mama on the other hand was also desirous to reunite with her brother, leaves Nigeria for Ghana in search of Nii only to discover that Nii has already gone to Nigeria. However, she fnds a union with a man named Joe. She later returns to Nigeria in the company of her new found love. Nii lives more or less in slavery in Nigeria and looking for opportunities to reunite with mama Orojo. Fortunately, they eventually meet unexpectedly 2. Students mention the following major events: i. Nii Tackie cares for his sick wife Massa. ii. Mama Orojo shares her memories with Ibuk. iii. Mama prepares a trip to Ghana. iv. A fellow passenger defrauds Mama. v. Mama meets Joe. vi. Nii sufers humiliation in the hands of his students. vii. Revolutionary guards shoot a girl. viii. Nii reunites with his sister. 3. Students mention some of the themes such as:- 1. Theme of Xenophobia 2 Theme of Pan-Africanism 3. Theme of leadership failure 4. Theme of love 5. Theme of religion intolerance/ fundamentalism. |
Reversing previous lesson |
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| STEP 2: INTRODUCTION full class session (3 mins) Identification of prior ideas. |
The teacher review/introduce what they are going to study today; Plot Narration and Event in the novel: “Wuthering Heights” by EMILY BRONTE Thereafter, the teacher asks student to state the setting of the story to arouse their interests and refresh their memories. |
The students listen attentively to the teacher. Thereafter, Students mention that the book, "Wuthering Heights" is set in the windswept and stormy Yorkshire Moors in Northern England. The nature there is tumultuous and unpredictable, akin to Heathcliff whose endurance of humiliation from Hindley Earnshaw and the Lintons. The setting is eerie with its moody landscapes and blizzards- a perfect ambiance for a gothic novel. It incorporates the device of pathetic fallacy as the nature impacts the temperament of its characters. |
Introducing the topic for discussion. |
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| STEP 3: DEVELOPMENT Group Work (2 mins) |
The teacher guides the learners to form four groups and asks them to choose their leaders and secretaries. | Learners choose their group leaders and secretaries. | Inculcating leadership skills, competitive spirit, cooperation, teamwork and a sense of responsibility among learners. |
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| STEP 4: EXPLORATION 3 mins Mode: Individual |
The teacher presents to the class the instructional resources and leads the students
to air their views on them. Thereafter, Teacher asks probing questions that lead students to: explain the BACKGROUND OF THE NOVELIST |
The students explain the BACKGROUND OF THE NOVELIST The novelist birth: She was born in Thornton, Yorkshire, England July 30, 1818. And Died December 19, 1848. Emily Jane Bronte was an English novelist and poet, now best remembered for her only novel Wuthering Heights, a classic of English literature. She published under the masculine pen name Ellis Bell. Emily was born in Thornton, near Bradford in Yorkshire to Patrick Brontë and Maria Branwell. She was the fifth of six children. In 1824, the family moved to Haworth, where Emily's father was perpetual curate, and it was in these surroundings that their literary oddities flourished. In childhood, after the death of their mother, the three sisters and their brother Patrick Branwell Brontë created imaginary lands (Angria, Gondal, Gaaldine, Oceania), which were featured in stories they wrote. Little of Emily's work from this period survived, except for poems spoken by characters (The Brontës' Web of Childhood, Fannie Ratchford, 1941). In 1842, Emily commenced work as a governess at Miss Patchett's Ladies Academy at Law Hill School, near Halifax, leaving after about six months due to homesickness. Later, with her sister Charlotte, she attended a private school in Brussels. They later tried to open up a school at their home, but had no pupils. It was the discovery of Emily's poetic talent by Charlotte that led her and her sisters, Charlotte and Anne, to publish a joint collection of their poetry in 1846, Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. To evade contemporary prejudice against female writers, the Brontë sisters adopted androgynous first names. All three retained the first letter of their first names: Charlotte became Currer Bell, Anne became Acton Bell, and Emily became Ellis Bell. In 1847, she published her only novel, Wuthering Heights, as two volumes of a three volume set (the last volume being Agnes Grey by her sister Anne). Its innovative structure somewhat puzzled critics. Although it received mixed reviews when it first came out, the book subsequently became an English literary classic. In 1850, Charlotte edited and published Wuthering Heights as a stand-alone novel and under Emily's real name. Like her sisters, Emily's health had been weakened by the harsh local climate at home and at school. She caught a chill during the funeral of her brother in September, and, having refused all medical help, died on December 19, 1848 of tuberculosis, possibly caught from nursing her brother. She was interred in the Church of St. Michael and All Angels family capsule, Haworth, West Yorkshire, England. |
Background of the novelist. Wuthering Heights by EMILY BRONTE |
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| STEP 5: DISCUSSION 5 mins. Mode: Group |
The teacher guides the learners to explain the BACKGROUND OF THE NOVEL. | The students quickly explain the BACKGROUND OF THE NOVEL. The story follows the technique of multiple narrators, initiated by Mr. Lockwood, coming as a tenant at Thrushcross Grange, a farm owned by Mr. Heathcliff in the Yorkshire Moors. Strange and supernatural experiences lead him to hear an extraordinary story of how love turned sour but was redeemed through love. Through Nelly, the caretaker of the house, he records how two families, antithetical in nature, blend together and transform the lives of all involved. It is a story of the destructive aspect of love and its power to persevere even after death. |
The background of the Novel ‘’wuthering Heights’’. |
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| STEP 6: APPLICATION 4 mins Mode: Group |
The Teacher guides the students to summarize the novel | The students expected answer. A man named Lockwood rents a manor house called Thrushcross Grange in the isolated moor country of England. Here, he meets his dour landlord, Heathclif, a wealthy man who lives in the ancient manor of Wuthering Heights, four miles away from the Grange. In this wild, stormy countryside, Lockwood asks his housekeeper, Nelly Dean, to tell him the story of Heathclif and the strange denizens of Wuthering Heights. Nelly consents, and Lockwood writes down his recollectons of her tale in his diary; these writen recollectons form the main part of Wuthering Heights. Nelly remembers her childhood. As a young girl, she works as a servant at Wuthering Heights for the owner of the manor, Mr. Earnshaw, and his family. One day, Mr. Earnshaw goes to Liverpool and returns home with an orphan boy whom he will raise with his own children. At frst, the Earnshaw children—a boy named Hindley and his younger sister Catherine—detest the dark-skinned Heathclif. But Catherine quickly comes to love him, and the two soon grow inseparable, spending their days playing on the moors. Afer his wife’s death, Mr. Earnshaw grows to prefer Heathclif to his own son, and when Hindley contnues his cruelty to Heathclif, Mr. Earnshaw sends Hindley away to college, keeping Heathclif nearby. Three years later, Mr. Earnshaw dies, and Hindley inherits Wuthering Heights. He returns with a wife, Frances, and immediately seeks revenge on Heathclif. Once an orphan, later a pampered and favored son, Heathclif now fnds himself treated as a common laborer, forced to work in the felds. Heathclif contnues his close relatonship with Catherine, however. One night they wander to Thrushcross Grange, hoping to tease Edgar and Isabella Linton, the cowardly, snobbish children who live there. Catherine is biten by a dog and is forced to stay at the Grange to recuperate for fve weeks, during which tme Mrs. Linton works to make her a proper young lady. By the tme Catherine returns, she has become infatuated with Edgar, and her relatonship with Heathclif grows more complicated. When Frances dies afer giving birth to a baby boy named Hareton, Hindley descends into the depths of alcoholism, and behaves even more cruelly and abusively toward Heathclif. Eventually, Catherine’s desire for social advancement prompts her to become engaged to Edgar Linton, despite her overpowering love for Heathclif. Heathclif runs away from Wuthering Heights, staying away for three years, and returning shortly afer Catherine and Edgar’s marriage. When Heathclif returns, he immediately sets about seeking revenge on all who have wronged him. Having come into a vast and mysterious wealth, he deviously lends money to the drunken Hindley, knowing that Hindley will increase his debts and fall into deeper despondency. When Hindley dies, Heathclif inherits the manor. He also places himself in line to inherit Thrushcross Grange by marrying Isabella Linton, whom he treats very cruelly. Catherine becomes ill, gives birth to a daughter, and dies. Heathclif begs her spirit to remain on Earth—she may take whatever form she will, she may haunt him, drive him mad—just as long as she does not leave him alone. Shortly thereafer, Isabella fees to London and gives birth to Heathclif’s son, named Linton afer her family. She keeps the boy with her there. Thirteen years pass, during which Nelly Dean serves as Catherine’s daughter’s nursemaid at Thrushcross Grange. Young Cathy is beautful and headstrong like her mother, but her temperament is modifed by her father’s gentler infuence. Cathy grows up at the Grange with no knowledge of Wuthering Heights; one day, however, wandering through the moors, she discovers the manor, meets Hareton, and plays together with him. Soon aferwards, Isabella dies, and Linton comes to live with Heathclif. Heathclif treats his sickly, whining son even more cruelly than he treated the boy’s mother. Three years later, Cathy meets Heathclif on the moors, and makes a visit to Wuthering Heights to meet Linton. She and Linton begin a secret romance conducted entrely through leters. When Nelly destroys Cathy's collecton of leters, the girl begins sneaking out at night to spend tme with her frail young lover, who asks her to come back and nurse him back to health. However, it quickly becomes apparent that Linton is pursuing Cathy only because Heathclif is forcing him to; Heathclif hopes that if Cathy marries Linton, his legal claim upon Thrushcross Grange—and his revenge upon Edgar Linton—will be complete. One day, as Edgar Linton grows ill and nears death, Heathclif lures Nelly and Cathy back to Wuthering Heights, and holds them prisoner untl Cathy marries Linton. Soon afer the marriage, Edgar dies, and his death is quickly followed by the death of the sickly Linton. Heathclif now controls both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. He forces Cathy to live at Wuthering Heights and act as a common servant, while he rents Thrushcross Grange to Lockwood. Nelly’s story ends as she reaches the present. Lockwood, appalled, ends his tenancy at Thrushcross Grange and returns to London. However, six months later, he pays a visit to Nelly, and learns of further developments in the story. Although Cathy originally mocked Hareton’s ignorance and illiteracy (in an act of retributon, Heathclif ended Hareton’s educaton afer Hindley died), Cathy grows to love Hareton as they live together at Wuthering Heights. Heathclif becomes more and more obsessed with the memory of the elder Catherine, to the extent that he begins speaking to her ghost. Everything he sees reminds him of her. Shortly afer a night spent walking on the moors, Heathclif dies. Hareton and Cathy inherit Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, and they plan to be married on the next New Year’s Day. Afer hearing the end of the story, Lockwood goes to visit the graves of Catherine and Heathclif. |
Being able to summarize the novel ‘’wuthering Heights’’ |
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| STEP 7: EVALUATION Mode: Entire Class 5 mins |
The teacher asks the students the following questions: i.Define and classify the characters in the novel. ii. List four Theme and Style and explain one. iii. What is the setting of the novel? iv. What is the Background of the novel? v. What is the background of the novelist? vi. List and explain the characters in the novel |
The students expected answers (i) Wee have the folowing characters in the novel:- Catherine Earnshaw, Hindley Earnshaw, Isabella and Edger Linton, Mr Lockwood, Nelly Dean and Heathcliff. Character analysis major and minor. Cathy is one minor character in the novel who is seen as the only daughter of Edgar Linton and Catherine Linton. Cathy is also known as Catherin Luton or miss Catherine has a series of events entangled in her life like losing her parents ( her mother during birth), and also she was striped oof her provilledge of becoming the heiress of thrush cross Grange. Miss Catherine becomes a waitress who waits on others rather than one who is supposed to be waited on. Heathcliff is the protagonist of the novel Mr Earnshaw went to liverpool and brought home a lad to stay with his family. (ii) Theme and Style. a) Themes of loneliness and isolation. b) Themes of The surge of disease. Sickness and Death. c) Themes of destructiveness genuity of love. d) Themes of social and class Distinction. The Theme of social and class Distinction in the novel is an x-ray of social class Identity and status as reflected in the characters in the novel. This can be seen in their quest for popularity, education and exposure and also wealth. For example Catherine is seen as an ambitious woman and has to maintain her quest for social recognition and relevance. Catherine only marries Edgar for the social part of it while her love goes all for Heathcliff. Heathcliff on the other hand is a poor guy, so his status is not recognised as important in the society where he is. (iii) SETTING OF THE "WUTHERING HEIGHT": First of all the Novel is a fictitious and non fiction. Emily Bronte' was born on 30th July 1818 in Thornton, Yorkshire England. She had other sisters like Anne and Charlotte Bronte'. Who in their own rights wereliterary giants too. "Wuthering Heights" was written and completed in 1847 and she died on 19th December 1848 in Haworth of tuberculosis. The novel is Emily's only known book up-to-date. The novel is Gothic which means it is a novel that uses mystery, horror and stream of consciousness motif which is used in the plot of the novel. This Gothic novel is one the explores th intricacies of human nature dealing with life in the forms, example: the various level of and after life. The novel "Wuthering Heights" was set in the Yorkshire Moors in New England. The time frame was in the late 18th century. The novelist makes use of the gothic landscape and setting to paint the environmental pictures of the wild farm house called Wuthering Heights and the decent and habitable mansion known as Thrushcross Grange. The setting of the novel brings to light certain characters who are influenced by the sad and depressing Wuthering Heights. The occupants are only happy when they move out of the Heights and relax in the Moor which sqemsto be lively and colourful. (iv) BACKGROUND OF THE NOVEL: The novel is set in the Victorian era and pseudo-medieval. The physical settings is "Wuthering Heights" Thrush cross Grange and the Moors or lands seperating these houses. Again publishing as Ellis Bell, Brontë published her defining work, Wuthering Heights, in December 1847. The complex novel explores two families—the Earnshaws and the Lintons—across two generations and their stately homes, Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. Heathcliff, an orphan taken in by the Earnshaws, is the driving force between the action in the book. He first motivated by his love for his Catherine Earnshaw, then by his desire for revenge against her for what he believed to be rejection. (v) BACKGROUND OF THE NOVELIST: The author, Emily Jane Blonte, was bornin 1818 in England. She was the daughter of the Curate of Haworth in West Yorkshire. Emily was the third eldest child of her father. She was an English novelist and poet who was best known for her English novel, "Wuthering Heights". At the age of seventeen, Emily began her education at Roe Head Girls' school but later left the school due tosickness. Her sudden development of sickness resulting from tuberculosis cost her life in 1848. She died of tuberculosis on December 19, 1848, nearly two months after her brother, Branwell, succumbed to the same disease. Her sister Anne also fell ill and died of tuberculosis the following May (vi) The Characterization in the novel include: A: HEATHCLIFFHe is one of the central characters of the novel. He is an orphan whom Mr. Earnshaw adopted and brought to live in Wuthering Heights. He falls into a deepand unbreakable love with Earnshaw's daughter, Catherine. He becomes a victim of hate after the death of Eamshaw. His resentful son, Hindley, not only abuses him but treats htm like a servant. His humiliation and misery cause him to spend most of his life trying to carry out a revenge against Hindley. He is a fierce and cruel man who is always destructive and aggressive in character because he is denied access to marry Catherine. Upon the death of Edgar, Heathcliff acquires both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange which is the estate of Edgar Linton. Heathcliff inhuman devotion to Catherine even in death is the distinctive feature of this character. Heathcliff stands for wild and natural forces which often seem mysterious and dangerous to humanity.B: CATHERINE EARNSHAWShe is the daughter of MrEarnshaw. She falls in love with the adopted son of her father, Heathcliff. Catherine's desire for social relevance is the reason behind her marriage with Edgar Linton instead of Heathcliff. Their intense love for each other is much expressed in Catherine's confession and claims that she is the same with Heathcliff. Character wise, Catherine is free spirited and often arrogant in relating with others especially in defence of Heathcliff. She is beautiful and charming but flawed by an unruly temper. She is survived by a daughter who is also named Catherine.C: EDGAR LINTONHe is the older brother of Isabella who marries Catherine Earnshaw. He is also the father of Catherine Linton. He is an ideal gentleman who is well bred so much that Catherine describes him as being handsome and pleasant to be with. He combines moral cheerfulness with riches thereby reflecting his elevated social class. As a refined gentleman, he is easily disposed to unforgiveness when his dignity is hurt. For instance, Edgar frowns at Isabella's elopement with Heathcliff and turns his back on her even when her situation get worse with Heathcliff.D: LOCKWOODHe is the narrator of the novel and a gentleman from London. His roles in the novel serve as an intermediary between Nelly and the reader. Again, Lockwoodcomes from a domesticated region of England. He seems to be sympathetic and always likes to patronize the people around him. This sense of compassion is the driving force that makes him to settle a rentage for Ellen. He is baffled by the strange behaviours of the inhabitants of Wuthering Heights which negates the principles of social conventions and norms that characterize his world in England. He is the potential tenant that comes for Grange estate but declines his interest after hearing everything from Nelly.E. ISABELLA LINTONShe is the younger sister of Edgar. She falls in love with Heathcliff and elopes with him without her brother's consent. Her marriage with Heathcliff gives rise to the birth of her son, Linton Heathcliff. In the novel, Isabella can be described as a shallow minded young lady blessed with natural beauty. She is also quick witted but handicapped by foolishness especially in making choices. Her unhappy marriage for which she runs out of wedlock and resides in London brings an element of cruelty in her character against the husband who treats her brutally. Before her death, she hates Heathcliff with all her mind.F: HINDLEY EARNSHAWHe is the only son of Mr and Mrs. Earnshaw and the brother of Catherine, He is morally inclined to bullying and discontention against Heathcliff whom his father loves and cares for. After the death of his father, he inherits the Grange estate as the heir apparent. He abuses and torments Heathcliff by stopping his education and forces Heathcliff to work in the farm out of hate. He becomes addicted to alcoholism and dissipation following the death of his wife.G: LINTON HEATHCLIFFHe is the son of Heathcliff and Isabella. He is a combined picture of odd characters of his parents. In Wuthering Heights, Linton can be described as an effeminate, sickly in nature with cruel disposition. He is hated and often despised by his father. He uses his condition as an invalid to torment the tender Cathy Linton who devotes to caring for him. Linton marries Cathy by force as planned by his father. He dies soon after the marriage.H: ELLEN DEAN (NELLY)She plays a role in the novel as one of the main narrators. She has been a servant throughout her life serving both the Earnshaws and Union's. She has mastery of all their family stories and histories. Ellen is an independent and high spirited servant who narrates everything about Wuthering Heights to Mr. Lockwood.I: CATHY UNIONShe is the daughter of the older Catherine and Edgar Linton. With Heathcliff s selfish arrangement, she is beaten into marriage with Linton by Heathcliff. By moral standard, she takes after her mother though with her "wildness". Upon Linton's death, she re-marries Hareton after reconciling with him and after the death of Heathdiff. |
Asking the learners questions to assess the achievement of the set objectives. |
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| ASSIGNMENT | The teacher gives learners take home. 1. Defne the word “Plot”. ii. Mention some of the major events in the Novel. iii. Summarize the Plot. iv. Mention some of the themes in the novel and analyze them. |
The learners copy the assignment | Better understanding of the novel, Wuthering Heights by EMILY BRONTE |
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| CONCLUSION 2 mins |
The teachers wrap up from the learners' contribution on Wuthering Heights by EMILY BRONTE. | The students listen to the teacher and copy down notes. | Consolidating and harmonizing scientific concepts. |